Background

Hupenyu kutenderera assessment (LCA) chishandiso kuyera mashandisirwo esimba sosi uye nharaunda kukanganisa kwechigadzirwa, kugadzira hunyanzvi. Chishandiso chinoyera kubva pakuunganidzwa kwezvinhu zvakabikwa kusvika pakugadzira, kutakura, kushandiswa, uye pakupedzisira kusvika pakuraswa kwekupedzisira. LCA yakavambwa kubvira 1970s.

l Sosaiti yeEnvironmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) inotsanangura SETAC senzira yekuongorora kuti zvigadzirwa, kugadzirwa uye zviito zvinokanganisa sei nharaunda nekuongorora mashandisirwo ezviwanikwa, mashandisirwo emagetsi uye kuburitswa kwemarara.

l Muna 1997, ISO yakapa ISO 14000 nhevedzano, uye yakatsanangura LCA sekuunganidzwa uye kuongororwa kwezvakaiswa, zvakabuda uye zvinogona kuitika kwezvakatipoteredza zvechigadzirwa system mukati mehupenyu hwayo hwose. Kukanganisa kwezvakatipoteredza kunosanganisira kushandiswa kwezviwanikwa, hutano hwevanhu uye ecology. ISO 14040 inotsanangura chikuru uye chimiro, uye ISO 14044 inotsanangura zvinodiwa uye kutungamira.

LCA ongororo ine zvikamu zvina:

1) chinangwa uye chiyero. Izvi ndezvechinangwa chekutsvaga, miganhu yehurongwa, chii chinosarudzwa kushandisa, uye chinodiwa pane data.

2) Inventory kuongorora. Izvi zvinosanganisira kuunganidzwa kwedata uye kuraswa.

3) Kuongororwa kwemigumisiro. Uku ndiko kuongorora zvinhu zvinokanganisa nharaunda.

4) Dudziro. Uku ndiko kupedzisa kuongororwa uye kuongorora mhedzisiro.

Chinangwa uye chiyero

Chinangwa chekudzidza

Chinangwa chekudzidza ndiyo yekutanga nzvimbo yeLCA. Izvi ndezvekuongorora zvirinani kuita kwehurongwa, uye zvinobatsirawo kuratidza nharaunda inoshamwaridzana nehurongwa kuitira kuti unyorere green certification.

Miganhu yehurongwa

Miganhu yeSisitimu inofanirwa kuve neanotevera ehupenyu kutenderera nhanho uye akakodzera maitiro (Pazasi pane sisitimu miganhu yechigadzirwa chebhatiri)

Izvi zvinonzi cradle-to-grave. Cradle zvinoreva kutanga, izvo zvinoreva kuwanikwa kwemidziyo. Guva (Guva) zvinoreva magumo, izvo zvinoreva kukweshwa nekugadzirisa zvakare.

Chikamu chekushanda

Function unit ndiyo chiyero chekuverenga chekupinza uye kubuda panguva yehupenyu hwehurongwa. Kazhinji pane zvikamu zviviri zvekushanda. Imwe ihuru (chikamu: kg), imwe isimba remagetsi (chikamu: kWh). Kana tikatora simba seyuniti, saka simba iri rinotsanangurwa sesimba rose rinopihwa nebhatiri system muhupenyu hwayo. Simba rose rinoverengwa nekuwanza nguva dzekutenderera uye simba rekutenderera kwega kwega.

Data quality

Muchidzidzo cheLCA, kunaka kwedata kunokanganisa mhedzisiro yeLCA. Naizvozvo isu tinofanirwa kupa chirevo uye tsananguro kune iyo data yatakatora panguva yechidzidzo.

Inventory kuongorora

Hupenyu Cycle Inventory (LCI) ndiyo hwaro hweLCA. Isu tinofanirwa kuyera zviwanikwa zvinodiwa pahupenyu hwezvigadzirwa, mashandisirwo esimba, uye kubuda. Zviwanikwa pano zvinosanganisira migodhi, kugadzirisa, kutengesa zvigadzirwa, kushandiswa, kutakura, kuchengetedza, kukwenya uye kudzokorodza, hupenyu hwese. Simba racho rinosanganisira kushandiswa kwemagetsi, chemistry uye simba rezuva. Emission inosanganisira kusvibiswa, kupisa uye mwaranzi.

(1) Gadzira chigadzirwa system modhi yakavakirwa pamiganhu system inotsanangurwa muchinangwa uye chiyero.

(2) Unganidza data rakakodzera, senge zvinhu mumaitiro ega ega, mashandisiro emagetsi, kutakura, kubuda, uye dhatabhesi rekumusoro.

(3) Verenga emission zvinoenderana nebasa unit.

Impact Assessment

Hupenyu kutenderera kukanganisa ongororo (LCA) inoitwa zvichibva pakuongorora kwezvinyorwa. LCIA inosanganisira zvikamu zvinokanganisa, paramende, chimiro chemuenzaniso, mhedzisiro kupatsanura, chikamu parameter kuverenga (hunhu uye misa).

LCA maitiro ekuongorora maitiro anosanganisira:

• Abiotic zviwanikwa mashandisirwo anogona kukosha uye fossil kushandiswa kwemafuta kunogona kukosha. Kushandiswa kweabiotic zviwanikwa kune chekuita nekunatsiridza ore mune yekuisa system. Iyo unit ndeye kg Sb eq. Iyo abiotic kushandiswa kwefossil mafuta kune hukama nekupisa kukosha. Iyo unit ndeye MJ.
• Global warming value. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) yakagadzira chimiro chemhando yekuverenga zvinhu zvinozivikanwa. Izvo zvinoratidzirwa zvinhu zvinomiririra kudziya kwepasirese kugona kwe100 makore. Iyo unit ndeye kg CO₂eq.
• Ozone sphere depletion inogona kukosha. Iyi modhi inogadzirwa neGlobal Meteorological Organisation. Inotsanangura kukwanisa kwe ozone kupera kwegasi rakasiyana. Iyo unit ikg CFC-11 eq.
• Photochemical ozone. Iyo unit ndeye kg C₂H₂eq.
• Acidification. Inomiririra kugona kubuda nekuyera SO₂yekirogiramu imwe neimwe yekubuda. Iyo unit ndeye kg SO₂eq.
• Eutrophication. Iyo unit ikg PO₄eq.
• Dudziro
• Dudziro chikamu chekupedzisira cheLCA. Kubatanidza chinangwa uye chiyero, ongororo yezvinyorwa uye kuongororwa kwemaitiro, tinogona kuve neongororo yakazara pachigadzirwa, uye nekutsvaga kuyerwa kwekuvandudza kugadzirwa kana kuburitswa kwehupenyu. Semuyenzaniso, tinogona kusimudzira kugadzirwa kwezvinhu, kushandura kusarudzwa kwezvinhu, kusimudzira kugadziriswa kwechigadzirwa, kushandura rudzi rwesimba, optimize midziyo yekudzokorodza, nezvimwe.

Mhedziso

• Kune akawanda akawandisa marudzi edata anosanganisirwa muLCA. Hunhu uye kutendeseka kwedata kuchave nekupesvedzera kukuru pane mhedzisiro. Kana isu tikakwanisa kuvaka chikuva chekutsvagisa data, umo isu tinogona kubata zvinhu senge zvakakosha zvikamu uye kugadzira, uye kugadzira dhatabhesi rekutanga rekudzokorodza, zvinoderedza zvakanyanya kuoma kwekabhoni tsoka certification.
• Kuderedza kuburitsa kabhoni, pane matanho anotevera: 1. Shandura bhatiri zvinhu hurongwa kuti uwedzere kuwanda kwesimba uye kutenderera hupenyu. Izvi zvinoderedza carbon emission. 2. Kuenzaniswa ne lithium-ion bhatiri, sodium-ion bhatiri ine simba rakaderera pane zvakatipoteredza. 3. Bhatiri yakasimba ine yakaderera kabhoni emission pane lithium-ion bhatiri panguva yekugadzira. 4. Kudzokorodza zvinhu uye kugadzirwa zvakare kunogona kuvandudza kusvibiswa uye kuderedza kabhoni kubuda.