Background

Nekuvandudza tekinoroji uye kukurumidza kwemaindasitiri, makemikari anoshandiswa zvakanyanya mukugadzira. Zvinhu izvi zvinogona kukonzera kusvibiswa kunharaunda panguva yekugadzira, kushandiswa, uye kuburitsa, nekudaro kukanganisa kuenzana kweiyo ecosystem. Mamwe makemikari ane carcinogenic, mutagenic, uye muchetura zvivakwa anogonawo kukonzera zvirwere zvakasiyana-siyana pasi pekuratidzwa kwenguva refu, zvichiunza njodzi kuhutano hwevanhu.

Semutsigiri akakosha wekuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza, European Union (EU) saka yanga ichitora matanho nekuisa mirau yekudzora zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvinokuvadza uku ichisimbisa kuongororwa uye kutariswa kwemakemikari kuderedza kukuvadza kune zvakatipoteredza uye nevanhu. Iyo EU icharamba ichivandudza nekuvandudza mitemo nemirairo mukupindura kutsva kwezvakatipoteredza uye hutano nyaya sekufambira mberi kwesainzi uye tekinoroji uye ruzivo rwekuziva. Pazasi pane sumo yakadzama yemirairo / mirairo yeEU inoenderana nezvinodiwa zvemakemikari.

Iyo RoHS Directive

Iyo 2011/65/EU Directive pamusoro pekudziviswa kwekushandiswa kwezvimwe zvinhu zvine ngozi mumagetsi nemagetsi midziyo(RoHS Directive) ndeyemandatory directiveyakagadzirwa neEU. Iyo RoHS Directive inogadza mitemo yekurambidza kushandiswa kwezvinhu zvine njodzi mumagetsi nemagetsi midziyo (EEE), ine chinangwa chekuchengetedza hutano hwevanhu uye kuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza, uye kukurudzira kudzokorodza uye kuraswa kwemarara emagetsi nemidziyo yemagetsi.

Chikamu chekushandisa

Zvigadzirwa zvemagetsi nemagetsi zvine rated voltage isingapfuuri 1000V AC kana 1500V DC.inosanganisira, asi haina kuganhurirwa kune, mapoka anotevera:

midziyo mikuru yemumba, midziyo midiki yemumba, tekinoroji yeruzivo nenharembozha, midziyo yevatengi, midziyo yekuvhenekesa, maturusi emagetsi nemagetsi, matoyi nemidziyo yemitambo yekutandarira, midziyo yekurapa, midziyo yekutarisisa (kusanganisira madhigirii emaindasitiri), nemichina yekutengesa.

Zvinodiwa

Iyo RoHS Directive inoda kuti izvo zvinorambidzwa mumidziyo yemagetsi neyemagetsi hazvifanirwe kudarika iyo yakanyanya kusungirira miganho. Mashoko acho ndeaya:

Label

Vagadziri vanofanirwa kuburitsa chiziviso chekuenderana, kuunganidza zvinyorwa zvehunyanzvi, uye kuisa chiratidzo cheEC kune zvigadzirwa kuratidza kutevedzera RoHS Directive.Zvinyorwa zvetekinoroji zvinofanirwa kusanganisira marepoti ekuongorora zvinhu, mabhiri ezvigadzirwa, zviziviso zvevatengesi, nezvimwewo. Vagadziri vanofanirwa kuchengetedza zvinyorwa zvehunyanzvi uye chiziviso cheEU chekuenderana kweanenge makore gumi mushure mekunge michina yemagetsi neyemagetsi yaiswa pamusika kugadzirira kuongororwa kwemusika. checks. Zvigadzirwa zvisingaenderane nemirairo zvinogona kunge zvichifanira kurangarirwa.

SVIKIRA Regulation

(EC) Kwete 1907/2006MUTONGO une chekuita neKunyoreswa, Kuongorora, Mvumo uye Kudzora Kemikari (REACH), unova mutemo wekunyoreswa, kuongororwa, mvumo, uye kudziviswa kwemakemikari, inomiririra chikamu chakakosha chemutemo weEU kudzivirira kutonga kwemakemikari anopinda mumusika wayo. Mutemo weREACH unovavarira kuve nechokwadi chekuchengetedzwa kwepamusoro kwehutano hwevanhu uye nharaunda, kukurudzira dzimwe nzira dzekuongorora njodzi dzezvinhu, kufambisa kutenderera kwemahara kwezvinhu mukati memusika wemukati, uye panguva imwe cheteyo kuwedzera kukwikwidza uye hunyanzvi.Izvo zvakakosha zvikamu zveREACH mutemo zvinosanganisira kunyoreswa, kuongorora,mvumo, uye kurambidzwa.

Kunyoresa

Wese anogadzira kana mutengesi kunze kwenyika anogadzira kana kupinza makemikari muhuwandu hwakazarainopfuura 1 ton/gorezvinodiwa kutitumira dossier yehunyanzvi kuEuropean Chemicals Agency (ECHA) kuti inyore. Zvezvinhuinodarika gumi matani / gore, kuongororwa kwekuchengetedzwa kwemakemikari kunofanirawo kuitwa, uye chirevo chekuchengetedzwa kwemakemikari chinofanira kupedzwa.

• Kana chigadzirwa chine Zvinhu Zvekunetseka Kwakanyanya (SVHC) uye kusungirirwa kwakapfuura 0.1% (kuburikidza nehuremu), mugadziri kana mutengesi anofanirwa kupa Safety Data Sheet (SDS) kune vashandisi vepasi uye kuendesa ruzivo kuSCIP dhatabhesi.
• Kana huwandu hweSVHC hukapfuura 0.1% nehuremu uye huwandu hwacho huchipfuura tani 1/gore, mugadziri kana mutengesi wechinyorwa anofanira kuzivisawo ECHA.
• Kana huwandu hwese hwechinhu chakanyoreswa kana kuziviswa chasvika pachikumbaridzo chetonage inotevera, mugadziri kana mutengesi anofanira kupa ECHA nekukurumidza ruzivo rwekuwedzera rwunodiwa padanho rematani iwayo.

Evaluation

Maitiro ekuongorora ane zvikamu zviviri: dossier evaluation uye nhanho yekuongorora.

Ongororo yedossier inoreva maitiro ayo ECHA anoongorora ruzivo rwetekinoroji, zvinodikanwa zveruzivo rwakajairwa, kuongororwa kwekuchengetedzwa kwemakemikari, uye mishumo yekuchengetedzwa kwemakemikari inounzwa nemabhizinesi kuti vaone kutevedzera kwavo zvinodiwa. Kana ivo vasina kuzadzisa zvinodiwa, bhizinesi rinofanirwa kuendesa ruzivo rwakakodzera mukati menguva yekumisikidza. ECHA inosarudza inokwana 20% yemafaira anopfuura zana matani / gore kuti aongororwe gore rega rega.

Ongororo yemidziyo inzira yekuona njodzi dzinounzwa nemakemikari zvinhu kuhutano hwevanhu uye nharaunda. Iyi nzira inosanganisira kuongororwa kwehupfu hwavo, nzira dzekuratidzira, mazinga ekuratidzwa, uye zvinogona kukuvadza. Zvichienderana nedata rengozi uye tonnage yezvinhu zvemakemikari, ECHA inogadzira chirongwa chemakore matatu chekuongorora. Zviremera zvine hunyanzvi zvinobva zvaita ongororo yezvinhu zvinoenderana nechirongwa ichi uye votaura zvabuda.

Mvumo

Chinangwa chemvumo ndechekuona kushanda zvakanaka kwemusika wemukati, kuti njodzi dzeSVHC dzinodzorwa nemazvo uye kuti zvinhu izvi zvinotsiviwa zvishoma nezvishoma nehupfumi uye nehunyanzvi zvimwe zvinhu kana matekinoroji. Zvikumbiro zvemvumo zvinofanirwa kuendeswa kuEuropean Environmental Agency pamwe nefomu rekukumbira remvumo. Kurongeka kweSVHC kunonyanya kusanganisira zvikamu zvinotevera:

(1) CMR zvinhu: Zvinhu zvine carcinogenic, mutagenic uye zvine chepfu pakubereka

(2) PBT zvinhu: Zvinhu zvinoramba zviripo, bioaccumulative uye muchetura (PBT)

(3) vPvB zvinhu:Zvinhu zvinoramba zvichienderera uye zvakanyanya bioaccumulative

(4) Zvimwe zvinhu zvine humbowo hwesainzi hwekuti zvinogona kukanganisa hutano hwevanhu kana nharaunda.

Kurambidzwa

ECHA icharambidza kugadzirwa kana kutengwa kunze kwenyika kwechinhu kana chinyorwa muEU kana ichifunga kuti maitiro ekugadzira, kugadzira, kuiswa pamusika kunoisa njodzi kuhutano hwevanhu uye nharaunda isingakwanisi kudzorwa zvakakwana.Zvinhu kana zvinyorwa zvinosanganisirwa muRudo rweZvinhu Zvinorambidzwa (REACH Appendix XVII) zvinofanirwa kutevedzera zvinorambidzwa zvisati zvagadzirwa, kugadzirwa kana kuiswa pamusika muEU, uye zvigadzirwa zvisingaenderane nezvinodiwa zvichayeukwa uyekurangwa.

Parizvino, zvinodikanwa zveREACH Annex XVII zvakabatanidzwa muEU's itsva Battery Regulation.. To pinza mumusika weEU, zvinodikanwa kutevedzera zvinodiwa neREACH Annex XVII.

Label

Iyo REACH mutemo parizvino hausi mukati mechikamu cheEC control, uye hapana zvinodikanwa zvekuenderana certification kana CE yekumaka. Nekudaro, iyo European Union Market Supervision uye Administration Agency inogara ichiita macheki pazvinhu zviri mumusika weEU, uye kana ikasazadzisa zvinodiwa neREACH, vanosangana nenjodzi yekuyeukwa.

POPsRegulation

(EU) 2019/1021 Regulation on Persistent Organic Pollutants, inodaidzwa sePOPs Regulation, ine chinangwa chekudzikisa kuburitswa kwezvinhu izvi uye kuchengetedza hutano hwevanhu uye nharaunda kubva mukukuvadzwa kwavo nekurambidza kana kurambidza kugadzirwa uye kushandiswa kwezvinoramba zvichisvibisa organic. Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) zvinosvibisa zvipenyu zvinoramba zvichiitika, bio-accumulative, semi-volatile, uye zvine muchetura, izvo zvinokwanisa kutakura zvifambiso zvenguva refu zvinoisa njodzi kuhutano hwevanhu uye nharaunda kuburikidza nemhepo, mvura, uye. zvipenyu.

Iyo POPs Regulation inoshanda kune zvese zvinhu, musanganiswa, uye zvinyorwa mukati meEU.Inodonongodza zvinhu zvinoda kudzorwa uye inodonongodza matanho ekudzora anoenderana uye nzira dzekutarisira zvinhu. Inopawo matanho ekudzikisa uye kudzora kusunungurwa kwavo kana kuburitsa. Pamusoro pezvo, mutemo uyu unobatawo manejimendi uye kuraswa kwemarara ane maPOPs, kuve nechokwadi chekuti zvikamu zvePOP zvaparadzwa kana kuita shanduko isingadzokerike, kuitira kuti marara uye kuburitswa kwasara kurege kuratidza maitiro ePOPs.

Label

Zvakafanana neREACH, humbowo hwekuteerera uye kunyora kweEC hazvidiwe panguva ino, asi zvirambidzo zvemutemo zvichiri kuda kuzadzikiswa.

Battery Directive

2006/66/EC Directive pamabhatiri uye accumulators uye marara mabhatiri uye accumulators(inonzi Battery Directive), inoshanda kumarudzi ese emabhatiri nema accumulators, kunze kwemidziyo ine chekuita nekuchengetedza kwakakosha zvido zveEU Member States nemidziyo inoda kuendeswa muchadenga. Iyo Directive inotaridza zvisungo zvekuisa pamusika wemabhatiri uye accumulators, uye zvakare zvakatarwa zviga zvekuunganidza, kurapwa, kudzoreredza uye kuraswa kwemarara mabhatiri.TDirective yakezvinotarisirwa kuvayakabviswa musi wa18 Nyamavhuvhu 2025.

Zvinodiwa

1. Ese mabhatiri uye accumulators akaiswa pamusika ane mercury yemukati (kuburikidza nehuremu) inodarika 0.0005% inorambidzwa.
2. Ese mabhatiri anotakurika uye accumulators akaiswa pamusika ane cadmium yemukati (kuburikidza nehuremu) inodarika 0.002 % inorambidzwa.
3. Aya mapoinzi maviri ari pamusoro haashande kune emergency alarm masisitimu (kusanganisira mwenje wekurumidziro) nemidziyo yekurapa.
4. Mabhizinesi anokurudzirwa kuti avandudze kuita kwemamiriro ekunze kwemabhatiri mukati mehupenyu hwavo hwese, uye kugadzira mabhatiri uye accumulators ane lead shoma, mercury, cadmium uye zvimwe zvinhu zvine njodzi.
5. Nhengo dzeEU dzichagadzira zvirongwa zvakakodzera zvekuunganidza bhatiri, uye vagadziri/vanogovera vachanyoresa uye nekupa masevhisi emahara ekuunganidza mabhatiri munyika dzeNhengo dzavanotengesa. Kana chigadzirwa chine bhatiri, mugadziri wacho anonziwo mugadziri webhatiri.

Label

Ese mabhatiri, accumulators, uye mabhatiri packs zvinofanirwa kumikwa necrossed-out dustbin logo, uye huwandu hwemabhatiri ese anotakurika uye emota nema accumulators acharatidzwa pane iyo label.Mabhatiri nema accumulators ane inodarika 0.002 % cadmium kana inodarika 0.004 % lead achaiswa chiratidzo chemakemikari akakodzera (Cd kana Pb) uye achavhara chikamu chinosvika chikamu chimwe muzvina chenzvimbo yechiratidzo.Iyo logo ichave inooneka zvakajeka, inonyoreka uye isingadzimiki. Kuvharirwa uye zviyero zvichaenderana nezvinodiwa.

Dustbin logo

WEEE Directive

2012/19/EU Directive pamarara emagetsi uye emagetsi midziyo(WEEE) ndiyo yakakosha EU hutongi hweWEEE kuunganidza uye kurapwa. Inotaridza matanho ekuchengetedza nharaunda uye hutano hwevanhu nekudzivirira kana kudzikisa kukanganisa kwakashata kwekugadzira uye manejimendi yeWEEE uye nekusimudzira budiriro inoenderera nekuvandudza kugona kwekushandisa zviwanikwa.

Chikamu cheApplication

Zvigadzirwa zvemagetsi nemagetsi zvine rated voltage isingadarike 1000V AC kana 1500V DC, kusanganisira anotevera marudzi:

Tembiricha yekutsinhana midziyo, masikirini, zviratidziro uye midziyo ine zvidzitiro (ine nzvimbo yakakura kupfuura 100 cm2), midziyo mikuru (ine hukuru hwekunze hunodarika 50cm), midziyo midiki (ine hukuru hwekunze husingadariki makumi mashanu), tekinoroji yeruzivo uye michina yekufonera ( ine mativi ekunze asingadariki 50cm).

Zvinodiwa

1. Iyo Directive inoda kuti Nhengo dzeNyika dzitore matanho akakodzera kusimudzira kushandiswazve, disassembly uye kudzokorodza kweWEEE nezvikamu zvayo zvinoenderana neeco-dhizaini zvinodiwayeDirective 2009/125/EC; Vagadziri havazodzivise kushandiswazve kweWEEE kuburikidza nemaitiro ezvimiro kana maitiro ekugadzira, kunze kwezviitiko zvakakosha.
2. Nhengo dzeNyika dzichatora matanho akakodzerakunyatsoronga uye kuunganidza WEEE, kupa pamberi pemidziyo yekutsinhana tembiricha ine ozone-inopedza zvinhu uye fluorinated greenhouse magasi, mercury-containing fluorescent marambi, photovoltaic panels uye midziyo midiki. Nhengo dzeNyika dzichaonawo kuitwa kwe "mutoro wevagadziri" musimboti, unoda kuti makambani atange nzvimbo dzekudzokororazve kuti awane huwandu hwepagore hwekuunganidza hunoenderana nehuwandu hwevanhu. Yakarongwa WEEE inofanirwa kubatwa nemazvo.
3. Mabhizinesi anotengesa zvigadzirwa zvemagetsi nemagetsi muEU achanyoreswa muNzvimbo yeNyika inonangwa kutengeswa zvinoenderana nezvinodiwa.
4. Zvigadzirwa zvemagetsi nemagetsi zvinofanirwa kunyorwa nezviratidzo zvinodiwa, izvo zvinofanirwa kuoneka zvakajeka uye zvisingapfeki nyore kunze kwemidziyo.
5. Iyo Directive inoda Nyika dzeNzvimbo kuti dzimise masisitimu akakodzera uye zvirango kuti ive nechokwadi chekuti zviri muDirective zvinogona kuitwa zvizere.

Label

Iyo WEEE label yakafanana nebhatiri rairo yekuraira, ese ari maviri anoda "yakasiyana yekuunganidza chiratidzo" (dustbin logo) kuti imakwe, uye saizi yemhando inogona kureva bhatiri rairo.

ELV Directive

2000/53/ECDirective paEnd-yehupenyu mota(ELV Directive)inovhara mota dzese uye yekupedzisira-yehupenyu mota, kusanganisira zvikamu zvadzo uye zvinhu.Inotarisira kudzivirira kugadzirwa kwemarara kubva kumotokari, kusimudzira kushandiswa zvakare uye kudzoreredzwa kwemotokari dzekupedzisira uye zvikamu zvadzo uye kuvandudza kushanda kwezvakatipoteredza kwevose vashandisi vanobatanidzwa muhupenyu hwemotokari.

Zvinodiwa

1. Huwandu hwehuwandu hwehuremu hwehuremu muzvinhu zvine homogeneous haifanire kudarika 0.1% yemutobvu, hexavalent chromium nemercury, uye 0.01% yecadmium. Mota uye zvikamu zvadzo zvinodarika iyo yakanyanya kumisa miganho uye isiri mukati mechikamu chekuregererwa hazvizoiswa pamusika.
2. Magadzirirwo uye kugadzirwa kwemotokari kunopa kutarisisa kuzere kuputsa, kushandiswa zvakare uye kudzokorodza kwemotokari uye zvikamu zvadzo mushure mekunge dzaraswa, uye zvimwe zvakagadziridzwa zvinogona kubatanidzwa.
3. Vashandi vezvehupfumi vachagadzira masisitimu ekuunganidza mota dzese dzekupedzisira uye, pazvinogoneka nehunyanzvi, marara anobva mukugadziriswa kwemotokari. Ekupedzisira-ye-hupenyu mota dzichaperekedzwa nechitupa chekuparadza uye dzoendeswa kunzvimbo inotenderwa kurapwa. Vagadziri vachaita kuti ruzivo rwekubvisa ruvepo nezvimwe mukati memwedzi mitanhatu mushure mekuisa motokari pamusika uye vachatakura zvose kana mari yakawanda yekuunganidza, kurapwa uye kudzorerwa kwekupedzisira kwehupenyu motokari.
4. Nhengo dzeNyika dzichatora matanho anodiwa kuti ive nechokwadi chekuti vashandi vehupfumi vanogadzira masisitimu akakwana ekuunganidza mota dzekupedzisira-yehupenyu uye vagowana kunoenderana kudzoreredza uye kushandisa zvakare uye kudzokorodza zvinangwa uye kuti kuchengetwa uye kurapwa kwese kwekupedzisira kwehupenyu mota kunotora. nzvimbo inoenderana nezvinodiwa zvishoma zvehunyanzvi zvinodiwa.

Label

Irizvino ELV rairo rakaverengerwa mune zvinodikanwa zveEU mutemo mutsva webhatiri. Kana chiri chigadzirwa chebhatiri chemotokari, chinoda kusangana nezvinodiwa zveELV uye mutemo webhatiri pamberi peiyo CE mark isati yaiswa.

Mhedziso

Kupfupisa, EU ine huwandu hwakawanda hwezvirambidzo pamakemikari kuderedza kushandiswa kwezvinhu zvine njodzi uye kuchengetedza hutano hwevanhu uye kuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza. Iyi nhevedzano yematanho yakave nekukanganisa kukuru paindasitiri yemabhatiri, zvese zvichikurudzira kuvandudzwa kwezvakatipoteredza zvemabhatiri zvinhu uye kusimudzira hunyanzvi hwekuvandudza tekinoroji nekusimudzira, nekuvandudza ruzivo rwevatengi nezvezvigadzirwa zvakakodzera uye kuparadzira pfungwa yekusimudzira uye kushandiswa kwegirinhi. Sezvo mitemo nemirau yakakodzera ichiramba ichivandudza uye kuedza kwekutonga kuchisimbiswa, pane zvikonzero zvekutenda kuti indasitiri yemabhatiri icharamba ichikura mune hutano uye hushamwari hwenzvimbo.