Background

Muna 1800, nyanzvi yefizikisi yeItaly A. Volta yakavaka murwi wevoltaic, iyo yakazarura kutanga kwemabhatiri anoshanda uye yakatsanangura kwekutanga kukosha kwe electrolyte mumagetsi emagetsi ekuchengetedza magetsi. Iyo electrolyte inogona kuonekwa seyemagetsi insulating uye ion-conducting layer muchimiro chemvura kana yakasimba, inoiswa pakati pemagetsi asina kunaka uye akanaka. Parizvino, electrolyte yepamusorosoro inogadzirwa nekunyungudutsa yakasimba lithium munyu (eg LiPF6) mune isiri-aqueous organic carbonate solvent (eg EC uye DMC). Sekureva kwesero rese fomu uye dhizaini, iyo electrolyte inowanzoita 8% kusvika 15% yehuremu hwesero. Chii's zvimwe, kupisa kwayo uye yakanyanya kushanda tembiricha ye -10°C kusvika ku60°C inotadzisa zvakanyanya kumwe kuvandudzwa kwebhatiri simba density uye kuchengeteka. Naizvozvo, magadzirirwo emagetsi emagetsi anoonekwa seanogonesa kugadzirwa kwechizvarwa chinotevera chemabhatiri matsva.

Vatsvagiri vari kushandawo kugadzira akasiyana maelectrolyte masisitimu. Semuyenzaniso, kushandiswa kwe fluorinated solvents iyo inogona kuita inobudirira lithium metal cycling, organic or inorganic solid electrolytes iyo inobatsira kumotokari yemotokari uye "solid state batteries" (SSB). Chikonzero chikuru ndechekuti kana iyo yakasimba electrolyte ikatsiva yekutanga mvura electrolyte uye diaphragm, chengetedzo, simba rimwechete uye hupenyu hwebhatiri hunogona kuvandudzwa zvakanyanya. Tevere, isu tinonyanya kupfupisa kufambira mberi kwekutsvagisa kwema electrolyte akasimba nezvinhu zvakasiyana.

Inorganic yakasimba electrolytes

Inorganic yakasimba maelectrolyte akashandiswa mukutengesa magetsi emagetsi ekuchengetedza magetsi mabhatiri, senge mamwe mabhatiri epamusoro-tembiricha anogona kugadzirwazve Na-S, Na-NiCl2 mabhatiri uye ekutanga Li-I2 mabhatiri. Kudzoka muna 2019, Hitachi Zosen (Japan) yakaratidza bhatiri rehomwe-yakasimba ye140 mAh kuti ishandiswe muchadenga uye kuedzwa paInternational Space Station (ISS). Iri bhatiri rinoumbwa ne sulfide electrolyte nemamwe mabhatiri asina kuziviswa, anokwanisa kushanda pakati -40.°C uye 100°C. Muna 2021 kambani iri kuunza bhatiri repamusoro rakasimba re1,000 mAh. Hitachi Zosen anoona kudiwa kwemabhatiri akasimba enzvimbo dzakaomarara senge nzvimbo uye zvigadzirwa zvemaindasitiri zvinoshanda munzvimbo dzakajairwa. Iyo kambani inoronga kuwedzera kaviri bhatiri simba ne 2025. Asi kusvika ikozvino, hapana kunze-kwe-sherufu yose-yakasimba-state bhatiri chigadzirwa chinogona kushandiswa mumagetsi emagetsi.

Organic semi-yakasimba uye yakasimba electrolytes

Muchikamu cheorganic solid electrolyte, Bolloré yekuFrance yakabudirira kutengesa gel-mhando PVDF-HFP electrolyte uye gel-mhando yePEO electrolyte. Kambani iyi yakatanga zvakare zvirongwa zvekugovera mota kuNorth America, Europe neAsia kuti ishandise tekinoroji yebhatiri kumotokari dzemagetsi, asi bhatiri repolymer iri harina kumbobvira ragamuchirwa zvakanyanya mumotokari dzinotakura vanhu. Chimwe chinhu chinoita kuti vatorerwe kutengeserana kwakashata ndechekuti vanogona kungoshandiswa pane tembiricha yakakwira (50°C kusvika ku80°C) uye low voltage ranges. Mabhatiri aya ave kushandiswa mumotokari dzekutengesa, semamwe mabhazi emuguta. Iko hakuna nyaya dzekushanda nemabhatiri akachena epolymer electrolyte pakamuri tembiricha (kureva, kutenderera 25°C).

Chikamu che semisolid chinosanganisira viscous electrolytes, senge munyu unonyungudika musanganiswa, mushonga we electrolyte une munyu wakakwirira kudarika mwero 1 mol/L, une maconcentrations kana saturation points kusvika pa4 mol/L. Chinetso chemisanganiswa ye electrolyte yakaomeswa ndiyo ine munyu wakawanda wefluorinated salt, izvo zvinomutsawo mibvunzo pamusoro peiyo lithium yemukati uye kukanganisa kwezvakatipoteredza kwemaelectrolyte akadaro. Izvi zvinodaro nekuti kushambadzira kwechigadzirwa chakura kunoda kuongororwa kwehupenyu hwese. Uye izvo zvigadzirwa zveyakagadzirirwa semi-solid electrolytes zvinodawo kuve nyore uye zviri nyore kuwanikwa kuti zvive nyore kubatanidzwa mumotokari dzemagetsi.

Hybrid electrolytes

Hybrid electrolytes, inozivikanwawo seyakasanganiswa electrolytes, inogona kugadziridzwa zvichienderana neaqueous/organic solvent hybrid electrolytes kana nekuwedzera isiri-aqueous liquid electrolyte solution kune yakasimba electrolyte, tichifunga nezve manufacturability uye scalability yeakasimba maelectrolyte uye zvinodiwa pa stacking tekinoroji. Nekudaro, ma hybrid electrolyte akadaro achiri mudanho rekutsvagisa uye hapana mienzaniso yekutengesa.

Mafungiro ekugadzirwa kwekutengeserana kwe electrolytes

Mabhenefiti makuru eakasimba maelectrolyte kuchengetedzeka kwepamusoro uye hupenyu hurefu hwekutenderera, asi mapoinzi anotevera anofanirwa kunyatsotariswa kana uchiongorora imwe mvura kana yakasimba electrolyte:

• Kugadzira maitiro uye sisitimu dhizaini yakasimba electrolyte. Marabhoritari geji mabhatiri anowanzo kuve akasimba e electrolyte particles ane akati wandei mamicrons akakora, akavharirwa kune rimwe divi remagetsi. Aya madiki maseru akasimba haamiriri kuita kunodiwa kune makuru maseru (10 kusvika 100Ah), sezvo huwandu hwe10 ~ 100Ah ndiyo hushoma hutsananguro hunodiwa kune ikozvino simba mabhatiri.
• Solid electrolyte zvakare inotsiva basa re diaphragm. Sezvo huremu hwayo uye ukobvu hwayo hwakakura kupfuura PP/PE diaphragm, inofanirwa kugadziriswa kuti iwane huremu huremu.≥350Wh/kguye simba density≥900Wh/L kudzivirira kukanganisa kushambadzira kwayo.

Bhatiri inogara iri njodzi yekuchengetedza kune imwe nhanho. Ma electrolyte akasimba, kunyangwe akachengeteka pane zvinwiwa, hazvireve kuti zvisingabatike. Mamwe mapolymer uye inorganic electrolytes anogona kuita neokisijeni kana mvura, achigadzira kupisa uye magasi ane muchetura anounzawo njodzi yemoto uye kuputika. Mukuwedzera kune masero ega, mapurasitiki, makesi uye zvinhu zvepakiti zvinogona kukonzera kupisa kusingadzoreki. Saka pakupedzisira, yakazara, system-level yekuchengetedza bvunzo inodiwa.