Dambudziko reGungwa Dzvuku rinogona kukanganisa kutakura kwepasi rose
Gungwa Dzvukudambudziko rinogona kukanganisa kutakura kwepasirese,
Gungwa Dzvuku,
▍ Chii chinonzi cTUVus & ETL CERTIFICATION?
OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration), yakabatana neUS DOL (Department of Labor), inoda kuti zvigadzirwa zvese zvinofanirwa kushandiswa munzvimbo yebasa zviongororwe nekupihwa zvitupa neNRTL zvisati zvatengeswa pamusika. Miyero yekuyedza inoshanda inosanganisira American National Standards Institute (ANSI) zviyero; American Society for Testing Material (ASTM) zviyero, Underwriter Laboratory (UL) zviyero, uye fekitori mutual-recognition sangano zviyero.
▍OSHA, NRTL, cTUVus, ETL uye UL tsananguro yematemu nehukama
OSHA:Kupfupisa kweOccupational Safety uye Health Administration. Iyo mubatanidzwa weUS DOL (Dhipatimendi reVashandi).
NRTL:Kupfupisa kweNationally Recognized Testing Laboratory. Ndiyo inotarisira kubvumidzwa kwe lab. Kusvika parizvino, kune gumi nemasere echitatu-bato rekuyedza masangano akabvumidzwa neNRTL, kusanganisira TUV, ITS, MET zvichingodaro.
cTUVus:Certification chiratidzo cheTUVRh muNorth America.
ETL:Kupfupisa kweAmerican Electrical Testing Laboratory. Yakavambwa muna 1896 naAlbert Einstein, muvambi weAmerica.
UL:Nhoroondo ye Underwriter Laboratories, Inc.
▍Musiyano pakati pecTUVus, ETL & UL
| Item | UL | cTUVus | ETL |
| Kushandiswa mwero | Same | ||
| Institution inokwanisa kuwana risiti yechitupa | NRTL (rabhoritari yakabvumidzwa nenyika) | ||
| Applied market | North America (US neCanada) | ||
| Testing uye certification institution | Underwriter Laboratory (China) Inc inoita bvunzo uye inoburitsa tsamba yekupedzisa chirongwa | MCM inoita bvunzo uye TUV nyaya chitupa | MCM inoita bvunzo uye TUV nyaya chitupa |
| Kutungamira nguva | 5-12W | 2-3W | 2-3W |
| Mari yekushandisa | Wepamusoro pazera | Inenge 50 ~ 60% yeUL mutengo | Inenge 60 ~ 70% yeUL mutengo |
| Advantage | Nzvimbo yekuAmerica yemuno ine kuzivikanwa kwakanaka muUS neCanada | An International institution ine masimba uye inopa mutengo unonzwisisika, zvakare unozivikanwa neNorth America | Sangano reAmerica rine kuzivikanwa kwakanaka muNorth America |
| Kukanganisa |
| Kuzivikanwa kushoma kwemhando pane iyo yeUL | Kuzivikanwa kushoma pane kuya kweUL mukupihwa chitupa chechikamu chechigadzirwa |
▍ Neiko MCM?
● Tsigiro yakapfava kubva kuhunyanzvi uye tekinoroji:Seyapupu yekuyedza lab yeTUVRH neITS muNorth America Certification, MCM inokwanisa kuita marudzi ese ekuyedza uye nekupa sevhisi iri nani nekuchinjana tekinoroji chiso nechiso.
● Tsigiro yakaoma kubva kune tekinoroji:MCM inoshongedzerwa nemidziyo yese yekuyedza mabhatiri ehukuru-hukuru, diki-hukuru uye chaiyo mapurojekiti (kureva yemagetsi nharembozha, simba rekuchengetera, uye zvemagetsi zvigadzirwa zvedhijitari), inokwanisa kupa bhatiri rese rekuyedza uye masevhisi etifiketi muNorth America, inovhara zviyero. UL2580, UL1973, UL2271, UL1642, UL2054 zvichingodaro.
TheGungwa Dzvukundiyo chete nzira yekuti zvikepe zvifambe pakati peAtlantic uye Indian Oceans. Inowanikwa panosangana makondinendi maviri eAsia neAfrica. Kumaodzanyemba kwaro kunobatanidza Gungwa reArabia neIndian Ocean kuburikidza neBab el-Mandeb Strait, uye mugumo wayo wekuchamhembe unobatanidza neGungwa reMediterranean neAtlantic Ocean kuburikidza neSuez Canal. Nzira yekupfuura nemuBab el-Mandeb Strait, Gungwa Dzvuku neSuez Canal ndiyo imwe yenzira dzekutakura dzakabatikana zvikuru pasi rose. Iyo Suez Canal pari zvino inofanirwa kunge iri iyo yakakura kwazvo yekufambisa tsinga pasi rose, kunyanya apo Panama Canal parizvino yakatarisana nekushomeka kwakanyanya kwemvura uye kuderedzwa kwekufamba. Senzira huru yekufambisa yeAsia-Europe, Asia-Mediterranean, uye Asia-Eastern United States nzira, iyo Suez Canal, kukanganisa kwayo pakutengeserana kwepasirese nekutakura kwengarava kuri kuwedzera kukosha. Sekureva kweNeue Zürcher Zeitung, ingangoita 12% yekutakura zvinhu zvepasi rose zvinopfuura nemuGungwa Dzvuku neSuez Canal.
Kubva pakatanga kutenderera kutsva kwekupokana kwePalestine neIsrael, mauto eYemen eHouthi aigara achirwisa Israeri nehondo yeIsrael nechikonzero che "kutsigira Palestine" uye vakaramba vachirwisa ngarava "dzakabatana neIsrael" muGungwa Dzvuku. Tichifunga nezvenhau dziri kuramba dzichiitika dzezvikepe zvekutengesa zviri kurwiswa padyo neRed Sea-Mandeb Strait, hofori zhinji dzekutakura pasirese - Swiss Mediterranean, Danish Maersk, French CMA CGM, German Hapag-Lloyd, etc. vazivisa kudzivirira iyo Tsvuku. Nzira yegungwa. Kubva muna Zvita 18, 2023, makambani mashanu epamusoro epasi rose ekutakura zvikepe akazivisa kumiswa kwekufamba kwechikepe paRed Sea-Suez waterway. Pamusoro pezvo, COSCO, Orient Overseas Shipping (OOCL) uye Evergreen Marine Corporation (EMC) vakatiwo ngarava dzavo dzemidziyo dzichamisa kufamba muGungwa Dzvuku. Panguva ino, makambani makuru epasi rose ekutakura makonita atanga kana kuti ave kuda kumisa kufamba kwechikepe paRed Sea-Suez.
Dambudziko reGungwa Dzvuku rakarambidza kubhurocha munzira dzese dzekumavirira muEast Asia, kusanganisira kuMiddle East, Red Sea, North Africa, Black Sea, kumabvazuva kweMedithera, kumadokero kweMedithera nekuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero kweEurope.
